Simple Static Web Apps

Learning to make web apps starts simply, in the browser. Let’s get started making our very first web apps.

Static Web Apps

A static web app is a web app that in which all of the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are completely written ahead of time, never generated by a server.

A First Example

We will start very simply.

The HTML

Starting with CodeSandbox or any other development environment (P5 Web Editor, Replit, Glitch, etc.), build your index.html like so (you might have extra items in the head, depending on how your editor primes your workspace, it’s all good):

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>Distance Converter</h1>
    <p>
      <input id="in"> in =
      <span id="cm">?</span> cm
    </p>
    <script src="sketch.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>

An HTML file only states what elements should appear in your document. The head contains information about the document; the body contains what you see — in this case a level-one heading (h1) and a paragraph (p) containing a text input box (input), some text, and a span element. Elements are built from tags. There is almost always a start tag and usually an end tag. An element can also have attributes, which must appear in the start tag, and content, which appears between the tags. The HTML file does not define how the elements look nor how they behave. HTML is pure structure. The link and script elements connect your document to the CSS and JavaScript files that define the look and behavior: create empty files for these if your development environment did not already create them.

The elements of the document form a tree:

The structure of the elements you see here — this tree — is called the DOM. DOM is short for Document Object Model. That’s because what browsers show you is a document, and the document is made up of objects (well, elements really, but the name “object” stuck), and the HTML provides a structure, or model, or how the objects fit together. Best to get used to calling it ”the DOM,” as that’s what everyone calls it.

Interested in Computer Science?
If so, you should get used to trees. They are ubiquitous in all areas of computer science.

The CSS

HTML defines only the structure of an app; CSS defines its presentation, sometimes called the look-and-feel. What do we mean by presentation? Lots of things:

Text and Fonts
Layout, Position, Alignment
Border, Margins, Padding
Colors
Backgrounds
Image Processing
Scrolling and Overflow
Paging
Masking
Transformations
Transitions
Audio and Speech

Our code-along will only show simple styles for now; we will end up with this:

style.css

body {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  background-color: skyblue;
}
h1 {
  background-color: blue;
  color: white;
  margin-top: 0;
  padding: 20px;
  font-family: cursive;
}
p {
  margin-left: 20px;
}

The style sheet has three rulesets. A ruleset has a selector followed by property - value pairs.

The JavaScript

So HTML is for structure and CSS is for presentation. JavaScript is for behavior. JavaScript is a popular and powerful programming language, but when used in a browser, most programs end up saying the following over and over:

When event X occurs, perform action Y

In our simple distance-coverter app, we want to say:

When anything is input in our text box, update the span with the new computed value.

Here’s the JavaScript code we will build and explain in the code-along:

const inputBox = document.querySelector('#in')
const answerSpan = document.querySelector('#cm')

inputBox.addEventListener('input', report)

function report() {
  const inches = inputBox.value
  const centimeters = inches * 2.54
  if (isNaN(centimeters)) {
    answerSpan.textContent = '?'
  } else {
    answerSpan.textContent = centimeters
  }
}

File names
The actual file names for the CSS and JS files don’t matter too much. Many development environments pre-create these files and give them names like the ones we used here—styles.css and sketch.js. Feel free to rename them and give them more meaningful names, perhaps bmi.css and bmi.js.

Worth restating:

HTML is for content / structure
CSS is for styling / presentation
JavaScript is for interaction / behavior

A Slightly More Complex App

Our next code-along will be a little fancier. We’ll have two input boxes. 😮

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <title>BMI Calculator</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="bmi.css">
    <script src="bmi.js" defer></script>
  <head>
  <body>
    <h1>BMI Calculator</h1>
    <p>Weight in pounds <input id="weight"></p>
    <p>Height in inches <input id="height"></p>
    <p>The BMI is <span id="answer"></span></p>
  </body>
</html>

Exercise: Study the relationship between the written HTML and the picture below. See if you can reconstruct the drawing from the HTML code (without peeking, of course).

The JavaScript program has three main parts:

Get HTML elements into JavaScript variables by calling document.querySelector with a selector expression.
Attach event listeners to certain elements, so that when an event happens on an element, a particular function is called.
Implement the functions to handle the events, generally by updating properties on elements (which will automatically make the browser update its display).

bmi.js

const KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND = 0.453592
const METERS_PER_INCH = 0.0254

const heightBox = document.querySelector('#height')
const weightBox = document.querySelector('#weight')
const answerSpan = document.querySelector('#answer')

heightBox.addEventListener('input', updateBMI)
weightBox.addEventListener('input', updateBMI)

function updateBMI() {
  const pounds = Number(weightBox.value)
  const inches = Number(heightBox.value)
  const kilograms = pounds * KILOGRAMS_PER_POUND
  const meters = inches * METERS_PER_INCH
  const bmi = kilograms / (meters * meters)
  answerSpan.textContent = bmi.toFixed(2)
}

This code along is great opportunity to learn about some technical aspects of JavaScript and programming!

CLASSWORK

In groups of 2-4, extend this BMI application with some enhanced styling (try a background image, some borders, better colors, different fonts, and so on). In the HTML file, try type="number" as an attribute for both of the input elements. See if you can line up the text entry boxes (we haven’t covered this in class, so ask around or search the web, surely CSS has something that might help).

More HTML Elements

Lists

Tables

Progress Bar

input types

Selectors

So, you’ve built a beautiful, complex DOM for your web app. You have hundreds of elements, beautifully nested in a way that perfectly describes your content in a meaningful way.

Now you need to identify elements, or specific groups of elements, so that you can style them (with CSS) or interact with them (with JavaScript). There are lots and lots of ways to make selectors. In the examples above we saw these selectors:

body, which selected the document body
h1, which selected all h1 elements
p, which selected all p elements
#in, which selected the element whose id attribute was in
#cm, which selected the element whose id attribute was cm

Here’s a list of some other kinds of selectors:

Example	Description
...	...

Here is a more complete list.

Wait, How about learning selectors the fun way? Play CSS Diner.

Exercise: Seriously, play CSS Diner. Complete every level!

Fancier Styling

It seems fitting to take a sneak peak at some of the things you can do with CSS before moving on.

Colors, Shadows, Alignment, and Transforms

Our next code-along will show a message on a rainbow background with some crazy font decorations and rotation. Think of this as a base for exploring CSS, not as a recommended way to style up text in a “real” webapp.

body {
  background-color: #cccccc;
  margin: 0
}
section {
  margin: 10px;
  border: 8px dashed linen;
  font: bold italic 50px Avenir, Helvetica;
  color: white;
  text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px black;
  text-align: center;
  background-image: linear-gradient(90deg, red, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple);
  padding: 30px;
  transform: rotate(-5deg);
}

CLASSWORK

Speaking of being creative, go ahead and experiment with styles and text. There are several places on the web with tutorials and references for CSS; More complete coverage of CSS will come later in the course.

Styling and Accessibility
Be careful with styling. There are a number of things you need to be aware of, such as not using color to carry meaning (some users may have degrees of color-blindness) and don’t use pictures for text (as some visually-impaired users may require screen readers). Styling can be overdone and detract from your message. However, styling can enhance usability and the user experience, so by all means learn and practice how to style well.

Grid Layout

When you first learn CSS, you start with colors, fonts, borders, padding, margins, shadows, and simple text alignment (left, center, right). Maybe you do transforms (translate, scale, rotate) early.

But a huge part of CSS is known as layout. CSS offers two layout schemes: grid and flex. Grid gives you the ability to section up your page like so:

How exactly does it work? There are a zillion options. Here are some tutorials:

Exercise: Play CSS Grid Garden.

One of the main uses for grid is to layout a site with a header, footer, navigation panel, and main content area. Sometimes you will want your app to take up the entire browser viewport and anchor the header and footer to the top and bottom of the viewport, and allow the content inside to scroll.

Flex Layout

While grid is generally used for big-picture layout, Flex (aka “Flexbox”) is more about laying out a bunch of items in a row, or maybe in a column, and maybe they “wrap”. To get started, you’ll want to understand three things:

flex-direction
justify-content
align-items

We’ll study them in class using this little widget that you can explore with:

Of course there is a great deal more to flex! Check out:

Exercise: Play Flexbox Froggy.

Exercise: Play Flexbox Defense.

Transitions

CSS properties can be transitioned from one value to another over time. The simplest example is probably to start the transition on hover:

<body><p>Hello</p></body>

p {
  text-align: center;
  transition: transform 3s;
}
p:hover {
  transform: scale(5);
}

There are four parts to a transition:

transition-property: the property you are transitioning (e.g., margin-left)
transition-duration: how long the transition lasts (e.g., 5s)
transition-timing-function: how the transition progresses (e.g., linear, ease-out, ease-in, ease-in-out, ease)
transition-delay: how long before the transition starts

You normally write them all together with the transition property. Example:

transition: width 2.5s ease 0.5s

CLASSWORK

We will practice with more transitions, for now, all using hover.

Transitions, like all other CSS properties, can be affected with JavaScript. In the JavaScript section below, there is an example of starting transitions with various events.

Here are some good tutorials and guides for transitions:

Fancier JavaScript

In a web app, JavaScript gives you interactivity:

Getting user input (whether typed, keyboard, mouse movements and clicks, speech, etc.)
Performing actions, such as changing the DOM, or changing styles.
Interacting with the outside world (not covered on this page)

So far we’ve only seen getting (1) listening for text box actions via the input event, (2) reading the content of a text box with .value and (3) updating the content of a span element with .textContent. Let’s do more!

CLASSWORK

Code-Along Time! We'll make an app that progresses like so:
Draw a ball where the mouse is clicked.
Transition the ball to move, in an animated fashion, to where the mouse is clicked
Have the ball follow the mouse, with the mousemove event.
Along the way we will learn about string interpolation and perhaps other cool JavaScript features.

Exercise: Events for you to research: mouseover, mouseout, mousedown, mouseup, focus.

Bringing It All Together

It’s crucial to remember:

HTML

The content, or structure. The DOM. Elements and Attributes.

CSS

The presentation, or look-and-feel. Rules and Properties.

JavaScript

The behavior, or interaction. Can dynamically change the DOM and the styles.

Here are the essential elements, CSS properties, and JavaScript events we’ve covered so far. How many do you recall?

HTML	CSS	JavaScript
ELEMENTS: html head meta title link script body h1 p input span header footer section div	PROPERTIES: margin padding border color background-color background-image font-family font text-align text-shadow display transform	FUNCTIONS: querySelector addEventListener PROPERTIES: textContent style value EVENTS: click input mousemove

HTML

CSS

JavaScript

ELEMENTS:

html
head
meta
title
link
script
body
h1
p
input
span
header
footer
section
div

PROPERTIES:

margin
padding
border
color
background-color
background-image
font-family
font
text-align
text-shadow
display
transform

FUNCTIONS:

querySelector
addEventListener

PROPERTIES:

textContent
style
value

EVENTS:

click
input
mousemove

Events are one of JavaScript’s signature capabilities
JavaScript is known for being all about events. The set of events a JavaScript program can listen for and respond to is set by the environment (browser, mobile device, server, etc.) and programmers can create their own events, too. Here are some events you may encounter:

input, when the text inside an element changes (by typing, cutting, pasting, etc.)
keydown, when a key has been pressed down
mouseenter, when the mouse cursor has been moved into the bounding box of the element
open, when a web socket connection has been established
touchend, when a touchpoint has been removed from a touch surface
There are hundreds more.

Learning More

These notes have just barely introduced you to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, covering far less than 1% of what is out there. You’re just getting started. Where can you learn more?

HTML Resources

HTMLDog HTML Tutorials

CSS Resources

JavaScript Resources

Summary

We’ve covered:

The relationship between HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
What The DOM is
A few HTML elements and attributes
Some very basic CSS
JavaScript in the Browser
Where to learn more